| 661 |
Aurora, IL, Catherine Bruck(
Authored Entry
) ...businesses, bridges, and dams. In 1854 a second town incorporated west of the river, and three years...
...than the west side, the river now divides the town through its general geographic center. Following...
...and repair shops in Aurora to become the town's largest employer until the 1960s. These businesses...
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| 662 |
Germans, Christiane Harzig(
Authored Entry
) ...to American society, and the respectability of the old fatherland. Generally these efforts were in...
...culturally, and economically active among Chicago's Germans in the late twentieth century were, for...
...after generation of German immigrants came to Chicago, constructing a multifaceted, vibrant ethnic...
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| 663 |
Planning, City and Regional, Lawrence Christmas(
Authored Entry
) ...tradition, the publication in 1909 of the Plan of Chicago, written by Daniel H. Burnham and Edward...
...H. Bennett, marked the birth of both city and regional planning in the Chicago metropolitan area....
...by the Commercial Club , an association of Chicago's most prominent business and professional...
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| 664 |
Jazz, William Howland Kenney(
Authored Entry
) ...Throughout the twentieth century, Chicago has played a leading role in the performance, recording,...
...of jazz. There are several reasons for Chicago's powerful musical influence. First, the city's...
...century popular-music styles associated with Chicago. Whereas New York's Tin Pan Alley dominated the...
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| 665 |
Dyer, IN, Jennifer Mrozowski(
Authored Entry
) ...New housing increased after problems with the town's wastewater treatment plant were solved. The...
...when the State Line House was built facing Old Sauk Trail. In 1857, Philadelphia book publisher...
...and Highland . Hart married Martha Dyer, who is the town's namesake. That year, the Michigan Central...
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| 666 |
Italians, Rudolph J. Vecoli(
Authored Entry
) ...the University of Illinois . While vestiges of old neighborhoods remained, by 1970 the majority of...
...Center. Rather than the face-to-face contacts of old neighborhoods, Italian radio and television...
...agendas. That the roots of Italian ethnicity in Chicago remain deeply buried in the soil of the...
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| 667 |
Seminaries, Martin E. Marty(
Authored Entry
) ...seminaries were similarly at home on the East Coast, for example in Philadelphia and Baltimore....
...Chicago boasts more theological seminaries of more denominations than any other American metropolis....
...As populations and churches moved west, Chicago became a strategic center, “halfway to everywhere. ”...
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| 668 |
Polka, Philip V. Bohlman(
Authored Entry
) ...than from arrangements—separates the performance practice of Chicago bands from those of other polka...
...centers. Chicago polka musicians further specify their style by singing in ethnic languages, even...
...Polish American musicians shaped the core of Chicago style, notably Eddie Zima, Władziu (“Li'l...
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| 669 |
Community Service Organizations, Jeffrey Charles(
Authored Entry
) ...diffusing charitable energy and resources, Chicago's myriad service organizations remain bulwarks of...
...Residents of metropolitan Chicago have a long and distinguished tradition of community service, and...
...Association (1843) and the male-dominated Chicago Relief Society (1850) gathered the upper classes...
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| 670 |
Philanthropy, Peter Frumkin(
Authored Entry
) ...twenty-first century, institutional giving in Chicago had grown to over $500 million, with more than...
...has left an enormous and lasting legacy in Chicago. It has enabled the establishment of numerous...
...the past century and a half, philanthropy in Chicago has slowly undergone a major transformation....
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| 671 |
Mail Order, Mark R. Wilson(
Authored Entry
) ...At the opening of the twenty-first century, as some old mail-order catalogs were being replaced or...
...would become Marshall Field & Co. Ward left town to work as a salesman in St. Louis and the South,...
...Mail-order retailing became a big business in Chicago. During the half century that followed the...
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| 672 |
St. Charles, IL, David Buisseret(
Authored Entry
) ...in the many early buildings at the center of town, but also in names like Ferson's Creek, named for...
...a bridge and dam had been built, and a little town was growing up around them on both the east and...
...called Charleston, but as there was already a town in Illinois with that name, it was changed to St....
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| 673 |
Public Buildings in the Loop, David Garrard Lowe(
Authored Entry
) ...Associates; and A. Epstein & Sons. While the old Federal Building boldly proclaimed the Beaux-Arts...
...garden, an acknowledgment of the architects of Chicago's early steel-framed skyscrapers, such as...
...northeast corner of Clark and Randolph Streets Chicago's first courthouse, a simple but dignified...
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| 674 |
Public Transportation, David M. Young(
Authored Entry
) ...whose inhabitants could easily get anywhere in town on foot or horseback. As population increased...
...Chicago before 1848 was a “walking city”...
...people developed in France in the 1600s. In Chicago, the first omnibuses in 1852 were nothing more...
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| 675 |
Restaurants, Bruce Kraig(
Authored Entry
) ...and served oysters brought in from the East Coast. The many others that followed in the nineteenth...
...enterprises have extended outward, thus enriching Chicago's economy and its reputation for dining....
...Public dining has an important role in Chicago's social, cultural, and economic history. Types and...
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| 676 |
Trade Publications, Kathleen L. Endres(
Authored Entry
) ...widely read magazine on law in the nation. Chicago's trade publishing picture differs considerably...
...of the diversity of the economic base of Chicago, the trade press has never been dominated by a...
...single industry, business, or association. The Chicago Daily Hide & Tallow Bulletin, Bowling Center...
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| 677 |
Local Option, Rachel E. Bohlmann(
Authored Entry
) ...in any county, justice's district, incorporated town, or city ward could petition local authorities...
...prohibition provisos in their charters. The 1872 Towns and Villages Act, which gave city councils...
...or distribution of intoxicating liquors, provided towns the means to govern themselves on the issue,...
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| 678 |
Racism, Ethnicity, and White Identity, David R. Roediger(
Authored Entry
) ...identity through exclusion of people of color are old Chicago stories, dating back at least to the...
...nation. They have portrayed great dramas in which old values, new migrations, recrossings of oceans,...
...Amos 'n' Andy, a show that originated in Chicago. By reinjecting racism in concluding a litany of...
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| 679 |
Des Plaines River, David M. Solzman(
Authored Entry
) ...known as the Chicago Portage. Southwest of the old portage, the Des Plaines now follows an altered...
...near Stony Ford, it is possible to view the original 8,000-year-old river channel to the north...
...and the altered 100-year-old channel to the south. At Lockport , south of the confluence between the...
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| 680 |
Sandburg Village, Amanda Seligman(
Authored Entry
) ...Sandburg Village stands on the former divide between the slums of the Near North Side and the Gold...
...Although less expensive than those in neighboring Gold Coast, the apartments were far beyond the...
...Coast . In 1961, the city accepted a $6,411,000 bid from a group of investors headed by Arthur...
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