| 681 |
Lumber, Theodore J. Karamanski(
Authored Entry
) ...stream of logging schooners departed the mill towns of the north woods. During the 1860s and 1870s a...
...meatpacking , was one of the “big three” commodities of nineteenth-century Chicago commerce. Through...
...the second half of the nineteenth century, Chicago was the world's greatest lumber market. The city...
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| 682 |
Ghanaians, Amy Settergren(
Authored Entry
) ...When Ghana, the West African nation formerly known as the Gold...
...Coast, achieved its independence in 1957, the number of Ghanaians living in the Chicago area was...
...as well as those of other Africans and the wider Chicago community. These enterprises range from a...
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| 683 |
Waste Disposal, Christopher Thale(
Authored Entry
) ...a legacy of dangers to public health and safety. Cleaning up old disposal sites, or “brownfields,”...
...with wastes ranging from old cars to benzene, has become a major challenge, especially for the...
...wastes at the worst sites. As of 2000, the Chicago area had more than 240 Superfund sites, about...
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| 684 |
Iranians, James S. Kessler(
Authored Entry
) ...on their faculty. The majority of Iranians in Chicago live in the northern suburbs but are not...
...While the Iranian community of Chicago is not large, it reflects the diversity of Iran, with...
...Iranian Jews . However, most Iranians in Chicago are Persian-speaking Shī’ī Muslims. The majority of...
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| 685 |
Interurbans, Ronald Dale Karr(
Authored Entry
) ...the popular Prairie Path bike trail uses the old right-of-way. To the south, the Chicago, South...
...the electrified Illinois Central Railroad . The old familiar orange interurban cars were replaced in...
...electric railways connected many of the cities and towns of the Midwest. Enlarged street railways ,...
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| 686 |
Refining, Mark R. Wilson(
Authored Entry
) ...the same facility that had brought refining to Chicago in 1890. Now owned by BP Amoco (Standard of...
...Chicago was not among the earliest locations of the petroleum industry, but when oil refining...
...stood among the largest in the world, and the Chicago region remained an important refining center....
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| 687 |
Civil War, Theodore J. Karamanski(
Authored Entry
) ...in the development of nineteenth-century Chicago. The war came at a time when the city's commercial...
...Yard on Christmas Day, 1865, is symbolic of the Civil War's impact on Chicago. The war directed...
...the flow of vital food commodities away from Chicago's most persistent urban rivals, which were too...
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| 688 |
Palestinians, Louise Cainkar(
Authored Entry
) ...Palestinians formed about 60 percent of the Arab population of the Chicago metropolitan area....
...Palestinians began migrating to Chicago in the late nineteenth century. They were a significant part...
...Arab migration to the United States and Chicago increased between 1890 and 1921, until overseas...
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| 689 |
Art Criticism and Scholarship, David M. Sokol(
Authored Entry
) ...has been especially influential in defining and promoting the Chicago School of local artists....
...The history of art criticism in Chicago starts with Art Review (1870), which closed after the Great...
...and it survived from 1899 to 1919; the Chicago Evening Post started to offer serious literary and...
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| 690 |
Pizza, J. S. Aubrey(
Authored Entry
) ...by the success of Uno, Sewall opened Pizzeria Due a few blocks away, and Chicago-style pizzerias...
...spread throughout Chicago and the United States....
...had been introduced to pizza as they moved up the coast of Italy, and several Chicagoans anticipated...
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| 691 |
Riverine Systems, Daniel Schneider and Glenn Sandiford(
Authored Entry
) ...mixed with sewage, reestablishes the river's old flow into Lake Michigan. To counter this problem,...
...while the lower Des Plaines flows through the old outlet of Lake Chicago. The canals connecting Lake...
...exacerbated by the low gradient of the Chicago River and the paving of vast areas of wetlands and...
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| 692 |
Amusement Parks, Stan Barker(
Authored Entry
) ...class population shifted to the suburbs, old urban parks like Riverview closed, and California's...
...parks. ” Santa's Village, part of the first chain of theme parks, opened in East Dundee , 1959. Old...
...Chicago, the first indoor shopping mall / theme park ( Bolingbrook , 1975 to 1980), foreshadowed...
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| 693 |
Lincoln Park, Amanda Seligman(
Authored Entry
) ...their properties. After World War II, residents of Old Town , in the southeastern section of Lincoln...
...the verge of becoming a slum. They formed the Old Town Triangle Association in 1948, which inspired...
...moved into the new high-rises and rehabilitated old houses. By the end of the twentieth century, the...
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| 694 |
Poles, Dominic A. Pacyga(
Authored Entry
) ...churches across the city. Polish Chicagoans left old neighborhoods such as the Bush in South Chicago...
...educational, institutional, and cultural life of Chicago. Streets named Pulaski and Solidarity Drive...
...vital ethnic community because of the more than 150-year tradition of Polish immigration to Chicago....
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| 695 |
Hondurans, Kate Caldwell(
Authored Entry
) ...West Town , Albany Park , and New City . Although many Hondurans attend Roman Catholic churches with...
...neighborhoods with significant Honduran populations included Logan Square , Uptown , South Chicago,...
...Annually in September, Hondurans unite with Chicago's other Central American communities to...
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| 696 |
Furniture, John B. Jentz(
Authored Entry
) ...Photographer: Kroehler Furniture Co. Source: Chicago Historical Society. FIGURE 1 i3589 Employees at...
...maker of piano stools, 1893. Photographer: Unknown. Source: Chicago Historical Society. FIGURE 1...
...Chicago's furniture industry expanded in the mid-nineteenth century by serving a regional rural...
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| 697 |
Ecosystem Evolution, Eric C. Grimm(
Authored Entry
) ...into the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. The old idea was that the Pleistocene was the time of the...
...When Chicago's first human inhabitants arrived at the end of the last ice age, they encountered a...
...hilly moraines, several of which occur in the Chicago region. The starting point for the development...
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| 698 |
Geneva, IL, Sherry Meyer(
Authored Entry
) ...émigré, ultimately suggested “Geneva” after a town in his home state. Geneva was incorporated as a...
...James died in 1839, having already had the town platted along the river and secured as county seat....
...died in 1879, having added a subdivision to the town under her own name along the railroad. Of their...
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| 699 |
Football, Gerald R. Gems(
Authored Entry
) ...in 1974, but survived only a short time. The Chicago Bears Super Bowl championship of 1986 revived...
...participation of its earlier heyday. i3354 Stagg Field, University of Chicago, November 1927....
...Named after legendary Chicago coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, the now-demolished stadium eventually became...
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| 700 |
Schools and Education, John L. Rury(
Authored Entry
) ...limited, and many children continued to use old hard slates for writing lessons because expensive...
...1880 corporal punishment, the foundation of the old system of harsh discipline, was finally dropped...
...affluent clientele, while urban schools, Chicago's in particular, are largely black and Hispanic. By...
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